Is sunscreen safe to use?

If you’ve ever searched for information about sunscreen safety, you’ve probably come across conflicting advice.

Some sources suggest certain ingredients may be harmful, while others emphasise the importance of daily sun protection. It’s understandable that this can feel confusing, especially when advice online can be inconsistent or difficult to interpret.

As a dermatologist, this is a question I’m asked regularly. The key is understanding what the evidence actually shows, and how that applies to real-world use.

Is sunscreen safe?

Based on current scientific evidence, approved sunscreens are considered safe when used as directed.

Sunscreen ingredients are carefully regulated, with limits on how much can be used in products. These limits are designed to ensure that any absorption through the skin remains well below levels known to cause harm.

In practice, decisions around sunscreen safety are based on a balance between potential risks and well-established benefits. Protecting the skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation remains one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of skin cancer and premature ageing.

What are the concerns about sunscreen ingredients?

Concerns about sunscreen safety often arise from laboratory studies that do not reflect how these products are used in everyday life.

A small number of ingredients are commonly discussed.

Retinyl palmitate

Retinyl palmitate is a form of vitamin A found in some skincare products.

Concerns about this ingredient came from animal studies, where it was suggested that it might contribute to free radical formation when exposed to UV radiation.

However, these findings have not been replicated in human studies. In real-world use, the skin also contains protective mechanisms, including antioxidants, which help neutralise free radicals.

There is currently no evidence that retinyl palmitate in sunscreen increases the risk of skin cancer in humans.

Oxybenzone

Oxybenzone is a chemical filter that helps absorb UV radiation.

It can be absorbed through the skin in small amounts and has been detected in blood and urine. This has raised questions about whether it could affect hormone levels.

However, current evidence does not show harmful effects in humans at the concentrations used in sunscreen. Regulatory bodies continue to consider it safe for use within approved limits.

Some regions have restricted oxybenzone due to environmental concerns, particularly its potential impact on coral reefs, rather than concerns about human health.

Nanoparticles (zinc oxide and titanium dioxide)

Nanoparticles are used in some sunscreens to improve texture and reduce the white residue often associated with mineral products.

There has been concern that these particles could penetrate the skin and cause harm.

Current evidence shows that these particles remain on the surface or within the outermost layer of dead skin cells and do not penetrate into living tissue when applied to intact skin.

On this basis, they are considered safe for use in sunscreen.

Is sunscreen more dangerous than sun exposure?

No.

Ultraviolet radiation is a well-established cause of skin damage. The majority of skin cancers are linked to UV exposure, and cumulative sun exposure also contributes to premature ageing, including wrinkles and pigmentation.

Sunscreen is a form of protection against this damage. While no product is entirely without theoretical risk, the known risks of UV exposure are significantly greater than any potential risks associated with approved sunscreen use.

Is fake tan safer than sun exposure?

Yes.

Fake tan products typically use a compound called dihydroxyacetone (DHA), which darkens the outer layer of the skin without involving UV radiation.

This makes fake tan a safer alternative to sunbathing or tanning beds.

However, it is important to remember that fake tan provides little to no protection from UV radiation, so sunscreen is still needed.

When should I be more cautious?

In most cases, sunscreen can be used safely as part of a daily routine.

You should consider speaking to a doctor or dermatologist if:

• you have very sensitive or reactive skin
• you are unsure which type of sunscreen is suitable for you
• you experience irritation after using a product

In these situations, choosing a formulation that suits your skin type, or seeking guidance from a healthcare professional, can help.

Sunscreen safety is often discussed in isolation, but it is important to consider the wider picture.

Used correctly, sunscreen remains one of the most effective ways to protect your skin. Avoiding it based on unverified concerns can lead to far greater long-term damage.

About the author

Dr Anjali Mahto is a London-based Consultant Dermatologist and cosmetic skin expert, specialising in acne, rosacea, and advanced non-surgical treatments. She is the bestselling author of The Skincare Bible and is known for combining evidence-based dermatology with a holistic, patient-focused approach to skin health.